Mechanism of action of regulatory B cells in the development and progression of autoimmune hepatitis / 临床肝胆病杂志

Autoimmune hepatitis is a type of autoimmune disease and has known pathogenesis at present, which is believed to be associated with immune imbalance in the body. In inflammatory diseases, regulatory B cells (Bregs) inhibits the differentiation of CD4+ T lymphocytes into T helper 1 cells and T helper 17 cells by secreting interleukin-10 (IL-10) to inhibit inflammatory response. Patients with autoimmune hepatitis have reductions in the level of IL-10 in peripheral blood and the number and function of Bregs, which leads to the fact that Bregs cannot effectively inhibit inflammatory response, suggesting that Bregs play a certain role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. This article reviews the mechanism of action of Breg subsets in autoimmune hepatitis.

Papel de la vía de señalización Notch en la diferenciación de las células inmunes / Role of Notch signaling pathway in the differentiation of immune cells

Resumen La vía de señalización Notch es una vía conservada evolutivamente y está involucrada en el control de diversos eventos durante el desarrollo de las células eucariotas. Esta vía se ha relacionado con la expresión y la diferenciación de las células inmunes; por lo tanto, su activación es fundamental en la expresión de la respuesta inmune innata y adquirida, que permite a los mamíferos defenderse frente antígenos externos.

Abstract The Notch signaling pathway is evolutionarily preserved and is involved in the control of several events during the development of eukaryotic cells. This pathway has been linked to expression and differentiation of immune cells, therefore it´s activation is critical in the expression of the innate immune and acquired response that allows mammals to defend themselves against external antigens.

CD4+CD25+regulatory T lymphocytes in the role of the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenic purpura / 国际儿科学杂志

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP)is an autoimmune disease by increased platelet destruction and/or impaired platelet production,which mainly has a manifestation of hemorrhage in some locations such as skin,mucosa or viscera.The pathogensis of the disease is complex,so far,it is not clear.CD4 + CD25 +regulatory T lymphocyte (Treg) is a full-time suppressor cell and has a unique immune regulating function of mature CD4 +T lymphocyte subgroup.They have the function of immune suppression.About 5 to 10 percentage of peripheral CD4 + T lymphocytes and 1 to 2 percentage of peripheral mononuclear cells are CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T lymphocytes in mouse or healthy human.They can suppress immune response through many pathways and sustain the stabilization of intemal environment.Their abnormality in function or quantity is one of the important factors that lead to autoirmmune diseases and they play a critical role in the occurrence and development of immune thrombocytopenic purpura.This review focuses on characteristics and function of Treg cell,and furthermore,its role in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenic purpura is summarized.

Arginina y cáncer: implicaciones en la regulación de la respuesta antitumoral / Arginine and cancer: Implications in the regulation of antitumoral response

Los informes de la literatura apoyan el papel de la arginina como mecanismo regulador de la respuesta inmune. Se ha descrito la correlación entre disminución de la arginina y reducción de la proliferación y la activación de los linfocitos T en trasplante hepático, trauma grave, sepsis y cáncer. Entre los efectos se describen la disminución en la expresión de la cadena CD3z (traducción de la señal de activación en el linfocito T). La disminución de la arginina está relacionada con la producción de arginasa 1 (ARG1) por parte de las células mieloides supresoras. Se han propuesto dos posibles mecanismos por medio de los cuales el aumento de la actividad de ARG1 podría estar actuando en un proceso tumoral. El primero es la disminución de la proliferación de los linfocitos y el freno del ciclo celular. El segundo es promover el crecimiento tumoral al transformar la arginina en precursores de poliaminas. Se presentan en este artículo los principales conceptos del papel de la arginina en la respuesta antitumoral.

Recent findings support the potential role of arginine as a regulator of the immune response. Correlation between decreased arginine and decreased proliferation and activation of T lymphocytes has been described in liver transplantation, severe trauma, sepsis and cancer. Among the effects, decrease in the CD3z chain expression (activation signal in the T cell) has been described. Arginine is reduced in relation to the production of arginase 1 (ARG1) by myeloid suppressor cells. Two possible mechanisms have been postulated by which the increased activity of ARG1 could be acting on a tumor. The first is the reduction of lymphocyte proliferation and cell cycle arrest. The second is to promote tumor growth by transforming arginine in precursors of polyamines. We present in this article the main concepts on the role of arginine in antitumor response.

Relación de la inmunología celular y la viremia plasmática con los cambios en el peso corporal de pacientes infectados con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana / Relationship of cellular immunology and plasma viremia with changes in body weight of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

El manejo nutricional de los pacientes infectados con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es desafiante; especialmente cuando los recuentos de linfocitos T CD4 son < de 200 células/mm³, debido a los episodios de pérdida de peso que experimentan los pacientes. En este estudio se plantea demostrar la relación entre los niveles de carga del VIH y los valores de linfocitos T CD4+ con los cambios de peso corporal en los pacientes ambulatorios del Centro de Atención a Pacientes con Enfermedades Infectocontagiosas (CAPEI) de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. La mayoría de los pacientes que presentaba pérdida de peso tuvo linfocitos TCD4 ‹ de 200 células/mm³. Los que mantuvieron el peso o lo ganaron, presentaron contajes de linfocitos TCD4 entre 200 y 499 células/mm³ (p = 0,012). Con relación con la carga viral se encontró que los pacientes que perdieron peso, cursaban en su mayoría, con valores ‹ 1000 o › 100.000 copias/ml. Al contrario, la mayor parte de los que aumentaron de peso, presentaron valores indetectables de carga viral. Estas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Estos resultados tal vez reflejen el pronóstico de la pérdida de peso cuando el contaje de linfocitos TCD4 es ‹ de 200 células/mm³, ya que en este nivel ocurren infecciones oportunistas, favorecidas por la desnutrición, estableciéndose un círculo vicioso que aumentaría la morbi mortalidad. Evaluar el estado inmunológico – nutricional en pacientes ambulatorios con infección por VIH es importante para iniciar estrategias encaso de pérdida de peso corporal

The nutritional management of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus is challenging; especially when linfocitos T CD4 counts are < of 200 cells/mm³, due to episodes of weight loss experienced patients. This study raises show the relationship between the levels of the HIV load and the values of T CD4 + lymphocytes with changes in body weight in the outpatient care center for patients with diseases transmittable-contagious (CAPEI) of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University Central of Venezuela. Most of the patients who had weight loss had CD4 cell count of ‹ 200 cells/mm³ Those who maintained the weight or won it, presented between 200 and 499 CD4 cell counts cells/mm³ (p = 0.012). In relation with the viral load was found that patients who lost weight, were mostly with values 1000 ‹ or › 100,000 copies/ml. On the contrary, most of those who gained weight, they were undetectable viral load values. These differences were not statistically significant. These results may reflect the prognosis of weight loss when the CD4 cell count is ‹ 200 cells/mm³, since at this level occur opportunistic infections, favored by malnutrition, establishing a vicious circle that would increase the morbidity mortality. Assess the immune status - nutrition in outpatients with HIV infection is important to initiate strategies in the event of loss of body weight

The role of CD4+CD25+Foxp3 regulatory T cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To investigate the role of CD4+CD25+Foxp3 regulatory T cells in chronicity of hepatitis B and viral clearance of hepatitis B virus(HBV).Methods Nineteen patients with chronic active hepatitis B(CAH).21 HBV carriers(AsC)and 12 patients with resolved HBV infection and 1 5 healthy controls were enrolled.The frequency and phenotype of peripheral CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells were detected by flow cytometry.CD4+CD25+T cells were sorted by magnetic-activated cell sorting(MACS)assay.Level of Foxp3 mRNA in CD4+CD25+T cells was examined by real time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)assay.The data were analyzed by one-way ANoVA or nonparametric statistics.Results Both frequencies of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells and levels of Foxp3 mRNA in CD4+CD25+T ceils in patients with CAH or AsC were significantly higher than those in healthy controls Or resolved HBV infection(F=6.8,F=3.72,respectively;both P<0.05).Accumulation of Foxp3+T cells in liver tissue of CAH patients was higher than that of healthy controls,while that in AsC was lower than CAH.The frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells of hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)positive patients(including CAH and AsC)was significantly higher than that of HBeAg negative patients(t=2.3,P<0.05),and that of antFHBe negative patients were significantly higher than anti-HBe positive patients(t=2.4,P<0.05).Furthermore,the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3 regulatory T cells was positively correlated with serum HBV DNA level of patients with chronic hepatitis B(r=0.56,P<0.01).Conclusion The findings have important implication in the understanding of the role of CD4'CD25'regulatory T cells in chronicity and viral clearance in HBV infection.

Características inmunológicas de los niños infectados por vía vertical con el VIH: estudio de casos y controles / Immunological characteristic of HIV infected children by vertical way: cases and controls study

HIV infection in children conditions a serious immunodeficiency with special characteristic that distinguish it from the adult, causing a global immune deficit. This constitutes a cases and controls study between Cuban paediatric patients infected with HIV by vertical transmission and a control group of supposedly healthy children. The both groups were characterized from the clinical point of view and markers were used for evaluated the immunologic and virologycal state. Clinically 75% of patients present a pattern of precocious progression, from total only two stay asymptomatic. All HIV infected children receive antirretroviral treatment and three of them present values of viral load bigger than 100,000 cp/mL. The immune alterations found in the HIV infected children compared with healthy children were: a cellular immune depletion with diminish counts of lymphocytes subsets of T CD4+, CD16+/CD56 + and CD19+, an increase in subsets of CD3+, CD8+, CD8+/CD38+, CD3+/ CD95+ and a hipergammaglobulinemia to prevalence of immunoglobulin gamma IgG (p < 0.05). On the other hand, they were not significantly differences in the serum levels of both C3 and C4, as well as in the haemolytic activity of the roads classic and it alternates of the complement system. This finding allowed us to a better attention and treatment of paediatric HIV patients.

La infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en niños condiciona una grave inmunodeficiencia con características especiales que la distinguen del adulto, ocasionando un déficit inmune global. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de los pacientes pediátricos cubanos infectados por transmisión vertical con el VIH comparado con niños supuestamente sanos. Ambos grupos se caracterizaron desde el punto de vista clínico y se emplearon marcadores que evaluaron el estado inmunológico y virológico. Clínicamente 75% de los pacientes infectados por VIH presentan un patrón de progresión precoz, y dos se mantienen asintomáticos. A todos los niños infectados se les suministró tratamiento antirretroviral y tres presentan valores de carga viral mayores de 100,000 cp/mL. Las alteraciones inmunes encontradas en los pacientes VIH+ fueron: una inmunodepresión celular con conteos de subpoblaciones linfoides T CD4+, CD16+/CD56 + y CD 19+ disminuidas significativamente con respecto al grupo control (p < 0.05). Además, se encontró un aumento de linfocitos CD3+, CD8+, CD8+/CD38+, CD3+/CD95+ y una hipergammaglobulinemia a predominio de inmunoglobulina gamma IgG en la comparación estadística (p < 0.05). Por otra parte, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los niveles séricos de C3 y C4, así como en la actividad hemolítica de las vías clásica y alterna del sistema del complemento. Este conocimiento nos permitió sentar pautas para contribuir al manejo y tratamiento de los pacientes pediátricos infectados por VIH.